Dependent personality disorder (DPD), formerly known as asthenic personality disorder, is a personality disorder that is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence.
The cause of dependent personality disorder is unknown. A study in 2012 estimated that between 55% and 72% of the risk of the condition is inherited from one's parents. The difference between a "dependent personality" and a "dependent personality disorder" is somewhat subjective, which makes diagnosis sensitive to cultural influences such as gender role expectations.
Video Dependent personality disorder
Epidemiology
Dependent personality disorder occurs in about 0.6% of the general population. The disorder is diagnosed more often in females than males; however, research suggests that this is largely due to behavioural differences in interviews and self-reporting rather than a difference in prevalence between the sexes. A 2004 twin study suggests a heritability of 0.81 for developing dependent personality disorder. Because of this, there is significant evidence that this disorder runs in families. Children and adolescents with a history of anxiety disorders and physical illnesses are more susceptible to acquiring this disorder.
American Psychiatric Association
The DSM-IV-TR contains a Dependent Personality Disorder diagnosis. It refers to a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation. This begins by early adulthood and can be present in a variety of contexts.
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization's ICD-10 lists dependent personality disorder as F60.7 Dependent personality disorder:
It is characterized by at least 4 of the following:
- Encouraging or allowing others to make most of one's important life decisions;
- Subordination of one's own needs to those of others on whom one is dependent, and undue compliance with their wishes;
- Unwillingness to make even reasonable demands on the people one depends on;
- Feeling uncomfortable or helpless when alone, because of exaggerated fears of inability to care for oneself;
- Preoccupation with fears of being abandoned by a person with whom one has a close relationship, and of being left to care for oneself;
- Limited capacity to make everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.
Associated features may include perceiving oneself as helpless, incompetent, and lacking stamina.
Includes:
- Asthenic, inadequate, passive, and self-defeating personality (disorder)
It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.
Millon's subtypes
Psychologist Theodore Millon identified five adult subtypes of dependent personality disorder. Any individual dependent may exhibit none or one of the following:
Differential diagnosis
The following conditions commonly coexist (comorbid) with dependent personality disorder:
- mood disorders
- anxiety disorders
- adjustment disorder
- borderline personality disorder
- avoidant personality disorder
- histrionic personality disorder
Maps Dependent personality disorder
See also
- Codependency
- Suggestibility
General:
- DSM-IV codes (personality disorders)
- ICD-10 codes (personality disorders)
References
Notes
Sources
- Beck, Aaron T; Freeman, Arthur (1990). Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-0-89862-434-2.
- Millon, Theodore; Davis, Roger Dale (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01186-6.
- Millon, Theodore (1981). Disorders of Personality: DSM-III, Axis II. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-06403-9.
- Perry, J. C. (1996). "Dependent personality disorder". In Gabbard, Glen O.; Atkinson, Sarah D. Synopsis of Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. American Psychiatric Press. pp. 995-8. ISBN 978-0-88048-859-4.
- Gjerde, L. C.; Czajkowski, N.; Røysamb, E.; Ørstavik, R. E.; Knudsen, G. P.; Østby, K.; Torgersen, S.; Myers, J.; Kendler, K. S.; Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2012). "The heritability of avoidant and dependent personality disorder assessed by personal interview and questionnaire". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 126 (6): 448-57. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01862.x. PMC 3493848 . PMID 22486635. Lay summary - Norwegian Institute of Public Health (September 24, 2012).
- Millon, Theodore; Millon, Carrie M.; Meagher, Sarah; Grossman, Seth; Ramnath, Rowena (2004). Personality Disorders in Modern Life. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-66850-3.
- Millon, Theodore (2006). "Personality Subtypes".
- Kantor, Martin (1992). Diagnosis and Treatment of the Personality Disorders. Ishiyaku EuroAmerica. ISBN 978-0-912791-89-0.
- Ellison, J. M.; Adler, D. A. (1990). "A strategy for the pharmacotherapy of personality disorders". In Adler, David A. Treating Personality Disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp. 43-63. ISBN 978-1-55542-811-2.
- Adler, David A., ed. (1990). Treating Personality Disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-1-55542-811-2.
- Richards, Henry Jay (1993). Therapy of the Substance Abuse Syndromes. New York: Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-0-87668-539-6.
- Zimmerman, Mark (1994). Diagnosing DSM-IV-R Psychiatric Disorders in Primary Care Settings: An Interview Guide for the Nonpsychiatrist Physician. Psych Products. ISBN 978-0-9633821-3-9.
- Ekleberry, Sharon (2014). "Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)". Treating Co-Occurring Disorders. pp. 63-4. ISBN 978-1-317-82549-4.
- Oldham, John M.; Morris, Lois B. (1990). The Personality Self-portrait: Why You Think, Work, Love, and Act the Way You Do. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-05757-7.
- Sperry, Len (1995). Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy: Strategies for Maximizing Treatment Outcomes. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-87630-787-8.
- Stone, Michael H. (1993). Abnormalities of Personality: Within and Beyond the Realm of Treatment. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-70127-2.
- Benjamin, Lorna Smith (1993). Interpersonal Diagnosis and Treatment of Personality Disorders. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-0-89862-990-3.
- Benjamin, Lorna Smith (1996). "Dependent Personality Disorder". Interpersonal Diagnosis and Treatment of Personality Disorders. Guilford Press. pp. 221-39. ISBN 978-0-89862-990-3.
External links
- J. Christopher Perry, M.P.H., M.D., 2005 (Dependent Personality Disorder)
- Diagnostic Features, Complications, Prevalence, Associated Laboratory Findings
- MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Dependent personality disorder
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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